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Hirokazu Yoshikawa

Courtney Sale Ross University Professor of Globalization and Education at Steinhardt, Applied Psychology

Applied Psychology

212-998-5107

Hirokazu Yoshikawa is the Courtney Sale Ross Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU Steinhardt and a University Professor at NYU, and Co-Director (with J. Lawrence Aber) of the Global TIES for Children Center at NYU. He is a core faculty member of the the Psychology of Social Intervention and Human Development Research and Policy programs at Steinhardt. He is also a faculty affiliate of the Institute of Human Development and Social Change and Metropolitan Center for Equity and the Transformation of Schools at NYU. He is a community and developmental psychologist who studies the effects of public policies and programs related to immigration, early childhood, youth development, and poverty reduction on children’s development. He conducts research in the United States and in low- and middle-income countries. His current projects include leading the research and evaluation for the MacArthur Foundation 100&Change and Lego Foundation funded partnerships of Sesame Workshop with the International Rescue Committee and BRAC to provide early childhood programming for Syrian refugee families in the Middle East, Rohingya families in Bangladesh and Venezuelan families in Colombia (with Alice Wuermli); the first experimental evaluation of an unconditional cash transfer for families with young children in the United States (with Greg Duncan, Kimberly Noble, Lisa Gennetian, Katherine Magnuson, Nathan Fox and Sarah Halpern-Meekin); and the Listening Project, a project to foster interpersonal curiosity and transformative listening and interviewing to address the societal crisis of connection (with Niobe Way, Jinjoo Han and Joseph Nelson). His recent books include Cradle to Kindergarten: A New Plan to Combat Inequality (with Ajay Chaudry, Taryn Morrissey, and Christina Weiland, 2021, 2nd edition, Russell Sage) and Immigrants Raising Citizens: Undocumented Parents and Their Young Children (2011, Russell Sage). He serves on the Board of Trustees of the William T. Grant Foundation, the National Board for Educational Sciences of the US Department of Education, the Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel of FCDO, the World Bank, UNICEF and USAID, and the LEVANTE advisory board of the Jacobs Foundation. He is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Education, the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has received two awards for mentorship of ethnic minority students from the American Psychological Association and an honorary doctorate from Utrecht University. He obtained his PhD in clinical psychology from NYU.

Selected Publications

SELECTED BOOKS

Chaudry, A., Morrissey, T., Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). Cradle to kindergarten: A new plan to combat inequality (2nd edition). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Yoshikawa, H. (2011). Immigrants raising citizens: Undocumented parents and their young children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Shinn, M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2008). (Eds.). Toward positive youth development: Transforming schools and community programs. New York: Oxford University PressSELE.

RECENT ARTICLES 

  • Schwartz, K., Michael, D., Torossian, L., Hajal, D., Yoshikawa, H., Abdulrazzak, S., Youssef, J., Sloane, P., Hashwer, S, Foulds, K., Bowden, B ., Hoyer, K., Lee, S., Haywood, A., & Behrman, J. (in press).  Leveraging caregivers to provide remote early childhood education in hard-to-access settings in Lebanon: Impacts from a randomized controlled trial.  Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness.
  • Cuartas, J., McCoy, D., Sánchez, J., Behrman, J., Cappa, C., Donati, G., ... & Yoshikawa, H. (2023). Family play, reading, and other stimulation and early childhood development in five low‐and‐middle‐income countries. Developmental Science, e13404.
  • Poteat, V. P., Marx, R. A., Sherwood, S. H., Calzo, J. P., & Yoshikawa, H. (2024). LGBTQ+ students’ weekly academic engagement and disaffection predicted by experiences in gender-sexuality alliance meetings. Learning and Instruction90, 101853.
  • Costanzo, M. A., Magnuson, K. A., Gennetian, L. A., Halpern-Meekin, S., Noble, K. G., & Yoshikawa, H. (2024). Contraception use and satisfaction among mothers with low income: Evidence from the Baby’s First Years study. Contraception129, 110297.
  • Sperber, J. F., Gennetian, L. A., Hart, E. R., Kunin-Batson, A., Magnuson, K., Duncan, G. J., Yoshikawa, H., Fox, N., Halpern-Meekin, S., & Noble, K. G. (2023). Unconditional cash transfers and maternal assessments of children's health, nutrition, and sleep: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open6(9), e2335237-e2335237.
  • Chor, E., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sommer, T. E., Sabol, T., Tighe, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., & King, C. (2023). Three-year outcomes for low-income parents of young children in a two-generation education program. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 1-42.
  • Nalani, A., & Yoshikawa, H. (2023).  White Christian nationalism and youth development in the United States. Society, 60, 551-565. 
  • Von Suchodoletz, A., Lee, D.S., Henry, J., Tamang, S., Premachandra, B., & Yoshikawa, H. (2023).  Early childhood education quality and associations with child outcomes: A meta-analysis.  PLOS One
  • Andrzejewski, J.D., Calzo, J., Poteat, V.P., Yoshikawa, H., & Salgin, L. (2023). Gender-Sexuality Alliance advisors’ self-efficacy to address transgender issues: an interpersonal protective factor for transgender student depression.  LGBT Health.
  • Poteat, V.P., Yoshikawa, H., Rosenbach, S., Sherwood, S., Finch, E., & Calzo, J. (2023). GSA advocacy predicts reduced depression disparities between LGBQ+ and heterosexual youth in schools.  Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.
  • Sommer, T. E., Tighe, L. A., Sabol, T. J., Chor, E., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Yoshikawa, H., ... & King, C. T. (2023). The effects of a two-generation English as a second language (ESL) intervention on immigrant parents and children in Head Start. Applied Developmental Science, 1-20.
  • Lombardi, J., McCoy, D., Boo, F. L., Huang, T., Matlhape, G., Mishra, S., ... & Yoshikawa, H. (2023). Unfolding opportunity: advancing childcare to support children, families, and societies. Pediatrics, 151(Supplement 2).
  • Raikes, A., Rao, N., Yoshikawa, H., Cohrssen, C., Behrman, J., Cappa, C., ... & UKRI GCRF (2023). Global tracking of access and quality in early childhood care and education. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 17(1), 14.
  • Whipps, M. D., Honoroff, J., Salvador, H., Yoshikawa, H., & Seidman, E. (2022). On grand-mentors and great-grand-mentors: reflecting on graduate program support for a multigenerational mentorship model. Health Behavior Research, 5(3), 19.
  • Wu, Z., Brown, L., Kim, H. Y., Yoshikawa, H., & Aber, J. L. (2023). Measuring the dosage of brief and skill-targeted social-emotional learning (SEL) activities in humanitarian settings. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 8526.
  • Poteat, V.P., Yoshikawa, H., Marx, R., Sherwood, S.H., Richburg, A., Murchison, G., Lipkin, A., Yang, M., & Calzo, J. (2023). Engagement in gender-sexuality alliances predicts youth’s positive and negative affect: An 8-week weekly diary study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52, 1-14.
  • Han, J., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., & Clarke, C. (2023).  Interpersonal curiosity among middle school students and its association with social and emotional skills and well-being.  Journal of Adolescent Research.
  • Rojas, N. M., Yoshikawa, H., & Morris, P. (2023). Preschool children’s engagement and school readiness skills: Exploring differences between Spanish-speaking dual language learners and monolingual English-speaking preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 34(1), 86-110.
  • Cuartas, J., McCoy, D., Yoshikawa, H., Bass, M., Salazar, A., Metheny, N., & Knaul, F. (2022). Prevention of violence against children in the home: an overview of reviews protocol. Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 1-6.
  • Bornstein, M., Cluver, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Hill, N.E., Jager, J., Krutikova, S., Lerner, R.M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2022).  The future of parenting programs: I. Design.  Parenting: Science and Practice, 22, 201-234.
  • Troller-Renfree, S. V., Costanzo, M. A., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Yoshikawa, H., ... & Noble, K. G. (2022). Reply to Assari and Lantz: Heterogeneity in Baby’s First Years impacts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(35), e2201864119.
  • Zhang, C., Kim, S., Yoshikawa, H., Fong, V. L., Chen, X., Way, N., & Lu, Z. (2022). Lineage difference in grandmothers’ childcare help and mothers’ parenting stress in urban China. Journal of Family Studies, 1-21.
  • Britto, P.R., Bradley, RH., Yoshikawa, H., Ponguta, L.A., Richter, L., & Kotler, J.A. (2022). The future of parenting programs: III. Uptake and scale.  Parenting: Science and Practice, 22, 258-275.
  • Cosso, J., von Suchodoletz, A., & Yoshikawa, H. (2022). Effects of parental involvement programs on young children’s academic and social-emotional outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology. doi: 10.1037/fam0000992
  • Yoo, P. Y., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., Fox, N. A., Yoshikawa, H., Halpern-Meekin, S., & Noble, K. G. (2022). Unconditional cash transfers and maternal substance use: findings from a randomized control trial of low-income mothers with infants in the US. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-11.
  • Brito, N., Werchan, D., Brandes-Aitken, A., Yoshikawa, H., Greaves, A., & Zhang, M. (2022). Paid maternal leave is associated with infant brain function at 3 months of age.  Child Development.
  • Troller-Renfree, S.V., Costanzo, M.A., Duncan, G.J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L.A., Yoshikawa, H., Halpern-Meekin, S., Fox, N.A., & Noble, K.G. (2022). The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(5), 1-8.
  • Whipps, M.D., Yoshikawa, H., Demirci, J., & Hill, J. (2022). Painful, yet beautiful, moments: Pathways through infant feeding and dynamic conceptions of breastfeeding success.  Qualitative Health Research, 32, 31-47.
  • Iqbal, Y., Sunny, S., Alif, A., Yoshikawa, H., & Shorna, M. A. (2022). Family socialization and experiences of early childhood programs in the Rohingya camps: study protocol. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 16094069211062419
  • Kim, S. W., Zhang, C., Yoshikawa, H., Fong, V. L., Way, N., Chen, X., & Ke, X. (2022). Family duties and job flexibility: tradeoffs for Chinese urban, educated mothers with toddlers. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, e20210045.
  • Rey-Guerra, C., Maldonado-Carreño, C., Ponguta, L. A., Nieto, A. M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2022). Family engagement in early learning opportunities at home and in early childhood education centers in Colombia. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 35-46.
  • Troller-Renfree, S.V., Costanzo, M.A., Duncan, G.J., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L.A., Yoshikawa, H., Halpern-Meekin, S., Fox, N.A., & Noble, K.G. (2022). The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  • Whipps, M.D., Yoshikawa, H., Demirci, J., & Hill, J. (2022). Painful, yet beautiful, moments: Pathways through infant feeding and dynamic conceptions of breastfeeding success.  Qualitative Health Research, 32, 31-47.
  • Iqbal, Y., Sunny, S., Alif, A., Yoshikawa, H., & Shorna, M. A. (2022). Family Socialization and Experiences of Early Childhood Programs in the Rohingya Camps: Study Protocol. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 16094069211062419
  • Kim, S. W., Zhang, C., Yoshikawa, H., Fong, V. L., Way, N., Chen, X., & Ke, X. (2021). Family duties and job flexibility: tradeoffs for Chinese urban, educated mothers with toddlers. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, e20210045.
  • Nasir, N.S., Bang, M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021).  What might we accomplish in 25 years? Phi Delta Kappan, 103, 54-57. https://kappanonline.org/reimagining-education-25-years-spencer-nasir-bang-yoshikawa/
  • Noble, K. G., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L. A., Duncan, G. J., Yoshikawa, H., Fox, N. A., & Halpern-Meekin, S. (2021). Baby’s First Years: Design of a randomized controlled trial of poverty reduction in the United States. Pediatrics, 148, e202004970.   https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049702
  • Richter, L.M., Behrman, J.R., Britto, P…. & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). Measuring and forecasting progress in education: what about early childhood?. Nature npj Science of Learning, 6, 27,  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00106-7
  • Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., Daelmans, B., Prado, E. L., Richter, L., Tomlinson, M., ... & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). The principles of Nurturing Care promote human capital and mitigate adversities from preconception through adolescence. BMJ Global Health, 6(4), e004436.  Available at: https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/4/e004436.abstract
  • Rey-Guerra, C., Maldonado-Carreño, C., Ponguta, L. A., Nieto, A. M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). Family engagement in early learning opportunities at home and in early childhood education centers in Colombia. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 35-46.
  • Maldonado, C., Yoshikawa, H., Escallon, E., Ponguta, A.L., Kagan, S.L., Nieto, A.M., Rey-Guerra, C., Cristancho Amaya, J.C., Mateus, A., Rodriguez, A.M., Motta, A.C., Aragon, C.A., & Caro, A. (2021).  Measuring the quality of early childhood education: associations with child development from a national study of the IMCEIC tool in Colombia.  Child Development.
  • Chen, X., Chen, X., Zhao, S., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., Zhang, G., Deng, H., Cao, L., Chen, H., & Li, D. (2021). Autonomy- and connectedness-oriented behaviors of toddlers and mothers at different historical times in urban China. Developmental Psychology, 57, 1254-1260.
  • Ceccolini, C., Poteat, V.P., Calzo, J., Yoshikawa, H., & Meyer, K. (in press). A mixed methods examination of the unique associations of gender-sexuality alliance involvement and family support on bravery in sexual and gender minority youth.  Journal of Adolescent Research.
  • Rosenbach, S., Yoshikawa, H., Sherwood, H., Poteat, V.P., & Calzo, J. (2021). Benefits for immigrant-origin and non-immigrant-origin youth of discufssing immigration in gender and sexuality alliances.  Psychology in the Schools, 59, 152-180.
  • Whipps, M.D., Yoshikawa, H., Demirci, J., & Hill, J. (2021).  Estimating the impact of in-hospital infant formula supplementation on breastfeeding success.  Breastfeeding Medicine.
  • Nalani, A., Yoshikawa, H., & Carter, P.L. (2021).  Social-science-based pathways to reduce social inequality in youth outcomes and opportunities at scale.  Socius (in 2-article special section on how sociology and the social sciences could better contribute to reductions in societal inequality).   
  • Leyva, D., Catalán Molina, D., Suárez, C., Tamis-Lemonda, C. S., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). Mother-child reminiscing and first-graders’ emotion competence in a low-income and ethnically diverse sample. Journal of Cognition and Development.
  • Han, J., Clarke, C., Way, N., & Yoshikawa, H. (2021).  A mixed-method measure of interpersonal curiosity: Its link to social and psychological well-being among middle-school students.  Manuscript under review.
  • Murchison, G. R., Rosenbach, S. B., Poteat, V. P., Yoshikawa, H., & Calzo, J. P. (2021). Gender–sexuality alliance membership and activities: associations with students’ comfort, confidence and awareness regarding substance use resources. Health Education Research.
  • Nalani, A., Yoshikawa, H., & Godfrey, E.B. (2021). Theorizing organizational learning to enhance youth-adult partnerships in community-based youth serving organizations. American Journal of Community Psychology.
  • Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., Daelmans, B., Prado, E. L., Richter, L., Tomlinson, M., ... & Yoshikawa, H. (2021). The principles of Nurturing Care promote human capital and mitigate adversities from preconception through adolescence. BMJ Global Health, 6(4), e004436.
  • Calzo, J.P., Yoshikawa, H., Poteat, V.P., Kieu, T., & Pham, A. (2021). The substance and circumstances of race and immigration talk in high school gender and sexuality alliances. American Journal of Community Psychology. 
  • Wuermli, A.J., Yoshikawa, H., & Hastings, P. (2021). A bioecocultural approach to supporting adolescent mothers and their young children in conflict affected contexts. Development and Psychopathology, 33, 714-726.
  • Poteat, V.P., Calzo, J., Yoshikawa, H., Ceccolini, C., Rosenbach, S., Marx, R., & Lipkin, A. (2020). Greater engagement in Gender-Sexuality-Alliances and GSA characteristics predicts youth empowerment and reduced mental health concerns. Child Development, 91, 1509-1528.
  • Sommer, T., Schneider, W., Chor, E., Sabol, T.J., Chase-Lansdale, P.L., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., Morris, A., & King, C. (2020).  The effects of a two-generation educational intervention on young children’s attendance in Head Start. Child Development, 91, 1916-1933.
  • Rojas, N., Yoshikawa, H., Gennetian, L., Rangel, M.L., Melvin, S., Noble, K., Duncan, G.J., & Magnuson, K. (2020). Exploring the experiences and dynamics of an unconditional cash transfer for low-income mothers: A mixed-methods study.Journal of Children and Poverty, 26, 64-84.
  • Kabay, S.B., Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2020).  Public-sector costs of the Boston public prekindergarten program. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 
  • Rojas, N., Yoshikawa, H., Morris, P., Kamboukos, D., Dawson-McClure, S., & & Brotman, L. (2020). The association of peer behavioral regulation with school readiness skills in preschool.  Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 153-163.
  • Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A., Britto, P.R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J., Lye, S., Ponguta, L.A., Richter, L., & Stein, A. (2020).  Effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic on early childhood development: Short- and long-term risks and mitigating program and policy actions. Journal of Pediatrics, 223, 188-193. Full text available at: https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(20)30606-5/fulltext 
  • Kabay, S.B., Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2020).  Public-sector costs of the Boston public prekindergarten program.Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 
  • Wuermli, A.J., Yoshikawa, H., & Hastings, P. (in press). Supporting adolescent mothers and their young children in conflict-affected contexts. Development and Psychopathology.
  • Sommer, T., Schneider, W., Chor, E., Sabol, T.J., Chase-Lansdale, P.L., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., Morris, A., & King, C. (2020).  The effects of a two-generation educational intervention on young children’s attendance in Head Start. Child Development. 
  • Rojas, N.,Yoshikawa, H., Morris, P., Kamboukos, D., Dawson-McClure, S., & & Brotman, L. (2020). The association of peer behavioral regulation with school readiness skills in preschool.  Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 153-163.
  • Rojas, N.,Yoshikawa, H., Gennetian, L., Rangel, M.L., Melvin, S., Noble, K., Duncan, G.J., & Magnuson, K. (2020). The experiences of an unconditional cash transfer among low-income mothers of infants: A mixed-methods study.  Journal of Children and Poverty, 26, 64-84. 
  • Poteat, V.P., Calzo, J., Yoshikawa, H., Ceccolini, C., Rosenbach, S., Marx, R., & Lipkin, A. (2020). Greater engagement in Gender-Sexuality-Alliances and GSA characteristics predict youth empowerment and reduced mental health concerns. Child Development.
  • Waddoups, A., Yoshikawa, H., & Strouf, K. (2019).  Developmental effects of parent-child separation.  Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 387-410. 
  • Zhang, C., Fong, V.L., Yoshikawa, H., Way, N., Chen, X., Lu, Z., & Deng, H. (2019). Maternal or paternal grandmother? The transformation of patrilineal practice in grandparent care in urban China among families with infants.Journal of Marriage and Family. 
  • Joo, Y. S., Magnuson, K., Duncan, G. J., Schindler, H. S., Yoshikawa, H., & Ziol-Guest, K. M. (2019). What works in early childhood education programs? A meta–analysis of preschool enhancement programs. Early Education and Development.
  • Poteat, V. P., Calzo, J. P., Yoshikawa, H., Rosenbach, S. B., Ceccolini, C. J., & Marx, R. A. (2019). Extracurricular settings as a space to address sociopolitical crises: the case of discussing immigration in gender-sexuality alliances following the 2016 US Presidential election. American Educational Research Journal, 0002831219839033.
  • Ponguta, A., Maldonado-Carreño, C., Kagan, S.L., Yoshikawa, H., Mateus, A., Aragon, A.C., Nieto, A.M., Guerrero, P.A., Rodriguez, A.M.R., & Motta, A. (2019). Adaptation of the Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes (MELQO) framework to assess the quality of early childhood education settings in Colombia. Zeitschrift zur Psychologie, 227, 105-112. 
  • Whipps, M.D.M.,Yoshikawa, H., & Demirci, J. (2019). Latent trajectories of infant breast milk consumption in the United States. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 
  • Leyva, D., Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., & Yoshikawa, H. (2019). What parents bring to the table: Associations between maternal behaviors in a grocery game and first-graders’ academic skills in a low-income sample. Elementary School Journal.
  • Chase-Lansdale, P.L., Sabol, T.J., Sommer, T.E., Chor, E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., King, C., & Morris, A. (2019). The effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents of young children.  Journal of Family Psychology.
  • Chong, E. S. K., Poteat, V. P., Yoshikawa, H., & Calzo, J. P. (2019). Fostering youth self-efficacy to address transgender and racial diversity issues: The role of gay-straight alliances. School Psychology Quarterly.
  • Murphy, K.M., Yoshikawa, H, & Wuermli, A. (2018). Implementation research for early childhood development programming in humanitarian contexts.  Proceedings of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1419, 90-101.
  • Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A.J., Raikes, A., Kim, S., & Kabay, S.B. (2018).  Achieving high quality early childhood development program and policies at national scale: Directions for research in global contexts.Social Policy Report of the Society for Research in Child Development, 31(1), 1-36.
  • Yoshikawa, H., Suarez-Orozco, C.S., & Gonzales, R.G. (2017).  Unauthorized status and youth development in the United States: Consensus statement of the Society for Research on Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 4-19.

Programs

Human Development Research and Policy

The Human Development Research and Policy program prepares students to pursue careers as research project directors, research coordinators, and more.

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Psychology and Social Intervention

Prepare for a career as a social scientist, with strong quantitative training and exposure to interdisciplinary methods to examine setting-level phenomena.

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Courses

Child Development and Social Policy in a Global Society

Explores the nature, causes and consequences of racial-ethnic, social, and economic inequalities in children’s lives and how policies affect inequalities in children’s health, education, and economic well-being. Students examine philosophical rationales for policy action; historical trends that influence inequalities in development; the role of science and participatory/democratic processes in increasing the effectiveness of programs and policies affecting children; and challenges to improving programs and policies, thereby reducing inequalities.
Course #
APSY-GE 2832
Credits
3
Department
Applied Psychology

Developmental and Prevention Sciences

Introduces students to the conceptual and Practical integration of the developments and prevention sciences to address social, emotional, and health problems across the lifespan or during a particular developmental stage, e.g., middle childhood.
Course #
APSY-GE 2094
Credits
3
Department
Applied Psychology