Joseph Cimpian Finds Most Selective Universities Reduce STEM Gender Gap

The most selective U.S. universities (based on math SAT scores) approach gender parity in physics, engineering, and computer science—while less selective institutions see widening gaps.

Nationally, men in colleges and universities currently outpace women in earning physics, engineering, and computer science (PECS) degrees by a ratio of 4 to 1. To better understand the factors driving these gaps, NYU researchers analyzed bachelor’s degrees awarded in the U.S. from 2002 to 2022 and found that the most selective universities (by math SAT scores) have nearly closed the PECS gender gap, while less selective universities have seen it widen dramatically.

“These findings challenge our understanding of gender inequality in STEM [science, technology, engineering, and math] education,” says Joseph Cimpian, the study’s lead author and professor of economics and education policy at NYU Steinhardt and NYU Wagner. “We’re seeing two divergent trends: at highly selective universities, women’s representation in these fields is approaching parity in PECS, while at institutions serving the majority of American students, women’s representation in PECS has stagnated or declined. This has profound implications for economic equality and innovation in our technological workforce.”

Cimpian and his co-author, Jo R. King—a doctoral student at NYU Wagner—analyzed data on over 34 million bachelor’s degrees awarded between 2002 and 2022, using the U.S. Department of Education’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System for a near-census of degrees awarded in the U.S.

Their results, published in Science, identified math SAT scores as the most predictive institutional factor of male-to-female representation in PECS. In 2002, institutions serving students with the highest math SAT scores (around 770 and higher) had 2 men for every 1 woman in PECS fields and narrowed that ratio to 3 men to 2 women in 2022. For schools serving students with much lower math SAT scores (around 450), the initial ratio of 3 men to 1 woman in 2002 increased to 7 men for every 1 woman by 2022.

They also studied patterns of initial enrollment in these math-intensive majors and found that the most selective schools—such as Ivy League schools and flagship public research universities—improved recruitment and retention of women in PECS, while less selective schools struggled in both recruitment and retention over the past two decades.

In contrast to PECS fields, other STEM disciplines (e.g., chemistry, biology) maintain roughly equal gender representation across all institution types. Cimpian notes that this distinction highlights the unique challenges in physics, engineering, and computer science.

To assess whether the divergent patterns they observed across institutions could be explained by individual student factors, the researchers analyzed two additional nationally representative datasets. They found that the different pattern of women’s PECS representation across institutions persists even after accounting for the previously identified factor of math SAT scores as well as prior intentions to major in PECS. Notably, they found that women of color face compounded challenges, remaining underrepresented even at institutions where overall gender balance is improving.

“Our findings suggest we need to redirect resources to where the gaps are largest,” says Cimpian. “While it’s crucial to maintain support for institutions making progress toward equity, we must better understand and address the growing challenges at less selective institutions, where most American students pursue their degrees.”

This study was supported in part by the Institute of Education Sciences (#R305B200010).

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