Studying systems and settings is core to IHDSC, and projects focused on criminal justice or child welfare settings represent a growing area of inquiry. Our affiliates are examining how justice system involvement affects education, health, or employment outcomes; exploring how setting-level characteristics and processes might be improved to foster development; and making evidence-based recommendations for policies and programs that can reduce inequality and improve outcomes for individuals, families, and communities. The child welfare system, encompassing foster care and juvenile justice, is a particularly important setting for youth growing up in urban poverty, and as such, an emphasis for faculty whose interests lie in enhancing outcomes for system-involved youth.