1619: Hannah-Jones, Nikole, et al. “The 1619 Project.” The New York Times Magazine, August 18, 2019.
https://pulitzercenter.org/sites/default/files/full_issue_of_the_1619_project.pdf
1667: “Slavery and the Making of America . Timeline: PBS.” Slavery and the Making of America . Timeline | PBS. Accessed April 17, 2020.
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1705.html.
1676: Reynolds, Jason, and Ibram X. Kendi. Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2020.
1704: “The History of Policing in the United States, Part 1.” The History of Policing in the United States, Part 1 | Police Studies Online. Accessed December 9, 2019.
https://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/history-policing-united-states-part-1.
1774: Hannah-jones, Nikole. “America Wasn't a Democracy, Until Black Americans Made It One.” The New York Times. The New York Times, August 14, 2019.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.html.
1790: Muhammad, Gibran Khalil. “In Punishment We Trust?: The Logic and Legacy of American Punitiveness”
1830: Hannah-Jones, Nikole, et al. “The 1619 Project.”
1847: H., Charles, White, Walter, Hastie, William, Spingarn, Joel, et al. “Brown v. Board at Fifty: ‘With an Even Hand’ A Century of Racial Segregation, 1849–1950.” A Century of Racial Segregation 1849–1950 - Brown v. Board at Fifty: "With an Even Hand" | Exhibitions - Library of Congress, November 13, 2004.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html.
1850: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.” Library of Congress. Library of Congress, October 10, 2014.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/legal-events-timeline.html.
1857: Ibid.
1865: History.com Editors. “Reconstruction.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, October 29, 2009.
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction.
1866: Tarter, Brent. Vagrancy Act of 1866. Accessed April 10, 2020.
https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Vagrancy_Act_of_1866.
1866: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.” Library of Congress. Library of Congress, October 10, 2014.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/legal-events-timeline.html.
1868: “14th Amendment.” Legal Information Institute. Legal Information Institute. Accessed April 13, 2020.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv.
1868: Muller, Christopher. “Freedom and Convict Leasing in the Postbellum South.” American Journal of Sociology 124, no. 2 (2018): 367–405.
https://doi.org/10.1086/698481.
1870: “15th Amendment.” Legal Information Institute. Legal Information Institute. Accessed April 13, 2020.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv.
1875: Linderd. Lynching Statistics. Accessed February 24, 2020.
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html.
1877: “Jim Crow Era.” Jim Crow Era - Timeline - Jim Crow Museum - Ferris State University,
www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/timeline/jimcrow.htm.
1879: “Exodusters.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
www.nps.gov/home/learn/historyculture/exodusters.htm.
1882-1968: Linderd. Lynching Statistics. Accessed February 24, 2020.
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html
1883: Ibid.
1896: “Plessy V. Ferguson.” {{meta.siteName}}. Accessed April 13, 2020.
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537.
1913: Matthews, Dylan. “Woodrow Wilson Was Extremely Racist - Even by the Standards of His Time.” Vox. Vox, November 20, 2015.
1915: Ibid.
1917: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.” Legal Timeline - The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom | Exhibitions - Library of Congress, October 10, 2014.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/legal-events-timeline.html.
1917: Wang, Tabitha. “East St. Louis Race Riot, 1917.” Welcome to Blackpast •, June 19, 2019.
https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/east-st-louis-race-riot-1917/
Du Bois, W.E.B. “The Massacre of East St. Louis.” The Crisis, Sept. 1917, pp. 219–238, http://transcription.si.edu/project/22609.
1921: “1921 Tulsa Race Massacre.” Tulsa Historical Society & Museum. Accessed April 14, 2020.
https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/.
1926: “Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926).” Civil Liberties and Civil Rights in the United States. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://uscivilliberties.org/cases/3650-corrigan-v-buckley-271-us-323-1926.html
Elkins, Alex, Alex Elkins, Peter Frase, Mike Beggs, Nivedita Majumdar, Alexander Billet, Noam Chomsky, et al. “The Origins of Stop-and-Frisk.” Jacobin, September 5, 2015. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/05/stop-and-frisk-dragnet-ferguson-baltimore/.
1933: “National Industrial Recovery Act (1933).” Our Documents - National Industrial Recovery Act (1933). Accessed April 14, 2020. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=66.
1934: “National Housing Act (1934).” Living New Deal. Accessed September 25, 2019.
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1937: “1937: Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall Act).” Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston. Accessed September 30, 2019.
https://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1937-Housing-Act.html.
1948: “Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926).”
“1948–1968: Unenforceable Restrictive Covenants.” Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston. Accessed September 30, 2019.
1949: Nodjimbadem, Katie. “The Racial Segregation of American Cities Was Anything But Accidental.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, May 30, 2017.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-federal-government-intentionally-racially-segregated-american-cities-180963494/.
United States, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Major Legislation on Housing and Urban Development Enacted Since 1932.
www.hud.gov/sites/documents/LEGS_CHRON_JUNE2014.PDF.
1954: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.”
1955: “Emmett Till Is Murdered.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, February 9, 2010.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-of-emmett-till.
1955: “History of School Resource Officers .” History. Accessed November 13, 2019.
http://blackfootpolice.org/sro/sro_history.html.
1956: Jr, James H. Hershman. Massive Resistance. Accessed February 25, 2020.
https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance#start_entry.
1964: Georges, Jessica. “The Origins of ‘Antibusing’ Politics: New York City Protests and Revision of the Civil Rights Act.” The Gotham Center for New York City History. The Gotham Center for New York City History, October 4, 2016.
https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/the-origins-of-antibusing-politics-new-york-city-protests-and-revision-of-the-civil-rights-act.
1964: Ronayne , John A. “The Right to Investigate and New York's ‘Stop and Frisk’ Law.” Fordham Law Review 33, no. 2 (1964). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol33/iss2/3.
Stultz, Spencer. “The Harlem Race Riot of 1964.” Welcome to Blackpast •, January 10, 2020.
https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/harlem-race-riot-1964/.
1968: “1968: Federal Fair Housing Act.” Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1968-Fair-Housing-Act.html.
1971: “A Brief History of the Drug War.” Drug Policy Alliance. Accessed November 13, 2019.
http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.
1973: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.”
1973: Bell, Charles. “The Hidden Side of Zero Tolerance Policies: The African American Perspective.” Sociology compass. U.S. National Library of Medicine, January 1, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397655/.
1974: “Read ‘Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice’ at NAP.edu.” National Academies Press: OpenBook. Accessed November 13, 2019. https://www.nap.edu/read/9747/chapter/7#155.
1974: “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline.”
1975: “Stop and Frisk.” Legal Information Institute. Legal Information Institute. Accessed November 13, 2019.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/stop_and_frisk.
1980: Steil, Justin P., Len Albright, Jacob S. Rugh, and Douglas S. Massey. “The Social Structure of Mortgage Discrimination.” Housing Studies 33, no. 5 (March 2017): 759–76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1390076.
1982: “A Brief History of the Drug War.” Drug Policy Alliance. Accessed June 12, 2020.
https://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.
1982: “Reagan's Legacy: Homelessness in America.” Shelterforce, April 10, 2016.
https://shelterforce.org/2004/05/01/reagans-legacy-homelessness-in-america/.
1982: Vedantam, Shankar, Chris Benderev, Tara Boyle, Renee Klahr, Maggie Penman, and Jennifer Schmidt. “How A Theory Of Crime And Policing Was Born, And Went Terribly Wrong.” How A Theory Of Crime And Policing Was Born, And Went Terribly Wrong | WBUR News. WBUR, November 1, 2016.
https://www.wbur.org/npr/500104506/broken-windows-policing-and-the-origins-of-stop-and-frisk-and-how-it-went-wrong.
1986: (1986) “War on Drugs”
1991: “Los Angeles Riots Fast Facts.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 12, 2020.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/18/us/los-angeles-riots-fast-facts/index.html.
Sastry, Anjuli, and Karen Grigsby Bates. “When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots.” NPR. NPR, April 26, 2017.
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots.
Newton, Jim. “Op-Ed: Rodney King's Beating Provides a Road Map for Investigating Police Misconduct.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, June 11, 2020.
https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-06-11/rodney-king-police-misconduct-investigations.
“Rodney King Trial Verdict Announced.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, July 27, 2019.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rodney-king-trial-verdict-announced.
“Race & Policing - The Legacy Of Rodney King | PBS - L.a.p.d. Blues | FRONTLINE.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed June 14, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/race/king.html.
1994: “Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.” National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Accessed November 13, 2019.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/billfs.txt.
1995: “The Superpredator Myth, 20 Years Later.” Equal Justice Initiative, January 16, 2020.
https://eji.org/news/superpredator-myth-20-years-later/.
1996: “Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . AAVE . Hooked.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed June 12, 2020.
https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/AAVE/hooked/.
1996: Benjamin R. Orye III, The Failure of Words: Habeas Corpus Reform, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, and When a Judgment of Conviction Becomes Final for the Purposes of 28 U.S.C. 2255(1), 44 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 441 (2002), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol44/iss1/8
1998: Rugh, Jacob S., and Douglas S. Massey. “Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis.” American Sociological Review 75, no. 5 (2010): 629–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410380868.
2006: Trifun, Natasha M. “Residential Segregation after the Fair Housing Act.” American Bar Association. American Bar Association, October 1, 2009.
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol36_2009/fall2009/residential_segregation_after_the_fair_housing_act/.
2007: Steil, Justin P., Len Albright, Jacob S. Rugh, and Douglas S. Massey. “The Social Structure of Mortgage Discrimination.” Housing Studies 33, no. 5 (March 2017): 759–76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1390076.
2007: “Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1.” Brennan Center for Justice. Brennan Center for Justice, June 28, 2007.
https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/court-cases/parents-involved-community-schools-v-seattle-school-district-no-1.
2009-2010: Wilf, Rachel. “Disparities in School Discipline Move Students of Color Toward Prison.” Center for American Progress, March 13, 2012.
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/03/13/11350/disparities-in-school-discipline-move-students-of-color-toward-prison/.
2012: “Trayvon Martin Shooting Fast Facts.” CNN. Cable News Network, February 17, 2020.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-fast-facts/index.html.
2014: Bosman, Julie, and Joseph Goldstein. “Timeline for a Body: 4 Hours in the Middle of a Ferguson Street.” The New York Times. The New York Times, August 23, 2014.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/us/michael-brown-a-bodys-timeline-4-hours-on-a-ferguson-street.html?auth=login-google.
2014: Lopez, German. “Cleveland Just Fired the Cop Who Shot and Killed 12-Year-Old Tamir Rice More than 2 Years Ago.” Vox. Vox, May 30, 2017.
https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/5/30/15713254/cleveland-police-tamir-rice-timothy-loehmann.
Lopez, German. “Cleveland Police Shooting of Tamir Rice: City to Pay $6 Million after 12-Year-Old's Death.” Vox. Vox, November 24, 2014.
https://www.vox.com/2014/11/24/7275297/tamir-rice-police-shooting.
2015: Hassan, Adeel. "The Sandra Bland Video: What We Know." The New York Times. May 07, 2019. Accessed June 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/us/sandra-bland-brian-encinia.html.
2016: Toohey, Grace. "Body Camera Video Shows 6-year-old Orlando Girl Arrested at School." Tampa Bay Times. February 26, 2020. Accessed June 18, 2020.
https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida/2020/02/25/body-camera-video-shows-6-year-old-orlando-girl-arrested-at-school/.
2020: Ring, Trudy. “Black Trans Man Tony McDade Killed by Police in Florida.” ADVOCATE. Advocate.com, May 29, 2020. https://www.advocate.com/crime/2020/5/29/black-trans-man-tony-mcdade-killed-police-florida.
2020: Cobb, Jelani. “The Death of George Floyd, in Context.” The New Yorker. The New Yorker, June 2, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-death-of-george-floyd-in-context.
Hill, Evan, Ainara Tiefenthäler, Christiaan Triebert, Drew Jordan, Haley Willis, and Robin Stein. “8 Minutes and 46 Seconds: How George Floyd Was Killed in Police Custody.” The New York Times. The New York Times, June 1, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd-investigation.html.