Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health

Doctoral Program in Public Health

Introduction

The Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health offers an interdisciplinary program of advanced study in public health that prepares graduates for teaching, research, administrative, and leadership positions in academic, government, industry, and other institutions.

Detailed explanations of The Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development requirements for the doctorate are provided in the Handbook of Doctoral Study, available from the Office of Graduate Studies, and The Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Graduate Bulletin.

For further information, contact:

James Macinko, PhD, PROGRAM DIRECTOR
Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health
35 West 4th Street, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10012-1172
Telephone: 212-998-5580, Fax: 212-995-4194
E-mail: nutrition@nyu.edu
Website: www.steinhardt.nyu.edu/nutrition/doctoral/public_health

Admission

The deadline to submit all application materials is December 15, 2007 (no exceptions)\

NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Admission Requirements (minimum)

  1. Undergraduate or master's degree from an accredited institution.
  2. Graduate Record Examination (GRE) combined scores should be at least 1000 on the verbal and quantitative sections.
  3. A minimum TOEFL score of 600 for students whose native language is not English.
  4. Current resume or curriculum vitae. This should include information about:
    1. Previous academic training in public health or related field at the undergraduate or master's level
    2. Previous work experience in public health or related field
    3. Potential to make a contribution to the profession
  5. Personal statement (about 500 words) explaining:
    1. Why you are applying to the doctoral program
    2. Your career goals and how doctoral training will help you achieve these goals
    3. How doctoral work will help you contribute to the profession
  6. Three letters of recommendation from employers, former professors, or professional colleagues who have observed your work.

Selection Criteria

In addition to the minimum requirements stated above, competitive applicants for the doctoral program in Public Health should also demonstrate:

  • Undergraduate or Masters degree in an area related to the doctoral program and/or successful completion of pre-requisites (see curriculum below).
  • Prior professional work or research experience in public health or a related field.
  • Clear focus and goals expressed through the application and interview process.
  • Competitive applicants often have GRE scores totaling >1200.
  • Competitive applicants often have overall GPA of 3.5 or better in at least one prior academic degree.
  • Extra consideration is given for peer reviewed publications and experience in public health research.

Doctoral faculty begin reviewing applications in mid-February, when applications reach the department. Applicants who pass an initial screening will be invited to interview by specific faculty members in person or by telephone. Admission is highly selective. The decision is based on faculty availability and research interests, as well as on the full range of admission criteria.

Application Procedures

  1. Download an application from: http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/application/

    Or request application materials and a copy of the Bulletin from:

    Office of Graduate Admissions
    New York University
    The Steinhardt School of Culture, Education & Human Development
    82 Washington Square East, 3rd Floor
    New York, NY 10003-6644

  2. Send: the completed application form checked for the doctoral program in Public Health, two copies of official transcripts, GRE scores, personal statement, three letters of recommendation, current resume, and any other pertinent credentials, along with the current application fee.
  3. The deadline for submission of all materials is December 15 (no exceptions) for admission in summer and fall.
  4. All applicants to full-time doctoral study will automatically be considered for Founders Fellowships for Doctoral Study teaching assistantships or graduate assistantships (TA/GA positions).
  5. Applicants for part-time doctoral work who are interested in adjunct teaching should mention that interest in their personal statement.

Financial Aid

Doctoral applicants are automatically considered for scholarships by submitting an application. U.S. applicants wishing to the considered for Federal loans need to fill out a FAFSA form online at www.fafsa.ed.gov. To contact the Office for Financial Aid see www.nyu.edu/financial.aid.

Degree Requirements

Academic prerequisites: Some preparatory academic work may be required in addition to the minimum specialization requirements for the degree; the need for such work is determined in consultation with an advisor.

  Points
Foundation courses 6
Cognate study (by advisement) -
Courses related to, but not in your specialized field of study 6
Specialized research methods 3
Dissertation Proposal Seminar 3
Research electives 12-15
Other electives 3-6
Specialization (by advisement) Minimum 18
  Total: 54*
Departmental Seminar E33.3098 (1) As required to maintain matriculation  

* Students matriculating with previous graduate work or master's degrees may be held for fewer credits.

Expectations of Doctoral Students:

  • Departmental participation in research and service
  • Engagement in Research Project Development
  • Teaching as an assistant in 1st year, shared or responsibility for a class (2nd year)
  • Candidacy examination and grant proposal in 2nd year
  • Work with a primary mentor and secondary advisor

Dissertation requirements:

  • Departmental candidacy examination, which includes a written and oral examination
  • Preparation and defense of a research proposal
  • Development and completion of a doctoral research project
  • A written thesis (dissertation) on the project
  • A final oral examination on the dissertation research

Doctoral Curriculum

This curriculum is an example. All course requirements are determined in consultation with the student's advisor.

Foundations Courses [1] (6 Points)

  • B90.3301: Introduction to the Theory of Probability
  • E20.2400 Foundations of Education: Educational Sociology
  • E41.3325: Diversity and Health Care Research
  • E50.2089: Philosophy of Scientific Inquiry
  • E50.2015: Professional Ethics
  • E53.2023: Cross-Cultural Studies of Socialization
  • E55.2400: Foundations of Education
  • G53.3100: Introduction to Political Theory: Theories of Democracy
  • G93.2111: Classical Sociological Theory
  • G93.2115: Contemporary Sociological Theory

Cognate Study [1] (6 Points)

Recommended courses

  • G48. 2044: Epidemiologic Methods [2]
  • P11.2171: Program Analysis and Evaluation

Specific Research Methods [3] (3 points)

  • E10. 2081: Advanced Quantitative Methods 1 (or equivalent) required

Proposal Seminar (3 points)

  • E10.3001 or E10.3002 Dissertation Proposal Seminar (3)

Research Electives [4] (12 - 15 points)

  • E10. 2082: Advanced Quantitative Methods 2 (required)

    and 9-12 credits selected from the following:

  • E10.2132 Principles of Empirical Research
  • E10.2134: Experimental & Quasi-experimental Design & Analysis
  • P11.2901: Research Methods
  • E10.2090: Space Matters: Discovering and Modelling Spatially-Driven Variation
  • E63.2035: Measurement and Evaluation: Psychological Tests
  • E10.2140 and E10.2141: Qualitative Field Research I &2
  • P11.2875: Estimating Impacts in Policy Research
  • B90.2301: Regression and Multivariate Data Analysis
  • E33.2192: Nutritional Epidemiology
  • B30.3351: Econometrics I

Additional courses as per advisement

Other Electives (3-6 points)

Specialization (by advisement) (18 points)

Total: 54 points [5]

Doctoral Seminar (1) As needed to maintain matriculation

  • E33.3098: Registration is required in any semester in which a student is not registered for at least one 3-point course.

Sample Curriculum: PhD in Public Health

Year 1
Fall Spring
E10. 2081: Advanced quant methods 1 E10. 2082: Advanced Quant methods 2
Research Elective G48. 2044: Epidemiologic methods
Foundations course (in your disciplinary area e.g. Policy, Psych, Sociology) P11.2171: Program Analysis and Evaluation
Doctoral Seminar (0 credits) Doctoral Seminar (0 credits)
  • Gain experience teaching and working on a research project
Year 2
Fall Spring
E10.2132: Principles of Empirical Research (research elective-highly recommended) Disciplinary Specialization course
Disciplinary Specialization course Disciplinary Specialization course
Research Elective Elective course
Doctoral Seminar (0 credits) Doctoral Seminar (0 credits)
  • Gain experience teaching, analyzing data, and working on proposals
  • Summer of year 2: take Candidacy Exam
Year 3
Fall Spring
E10.3001: Dissertation proposal Seminar Disciplinary Specialization course
Disciplinary Specialization course Remaining elective course or requirements (if any)
Disciplinary Specialization course Dissertation proposal research
Doctoral Seminar (0 credits) Doctoral Seminar (0 credits)
  • Identify mentors for dissertation research
  • Presentations of research projects at conferences
  • Dissertation proposal defense Spring/Summer of year 3
Year 4
Fall Spring
Dissertation research Dissertation research
Coursework appropriate to dissertation (if necessary) Coursework appropriate to dissertation (if necessary)
Doctoral Seminar-Register for 1 credit if no other courses are being taken. Doctoral Seminar-Register for 1 credit if no other courses are being taken.
  • Work on dissertation research and publications from research project

Docotoral Degree Process

  1. Meet with your assigned faculty advisor. Your advisor will help you select courses and get started on the degree process.
  2. Every semester: Attend E33.3098 Doctoral Seminar for 0 credits. Although you will need to register for the course for 1 credit in every semester in which you are not attending at least 3 credits of coursework. (This course substitutes for Doctoral Advisement fee).
  3. Begin taking Foundations and Specialization courses and any pre-requisites.
  4. Select the doctoral advisor who will chair your dissertation committee and supervise your research.
  5. Select and begin work on a topic for dissertation research.
  6. Take courses in research theory and practice, cognate studies (related to but not in your field of specialization), and other requirements.
  7. Doctoral Candidacy Examination: take when you have completed at least 18 - but not more than 36 - credits of coursework. Two months prior to the candidacy exam, a reading list must be approved by advisor.
  8. Doctoral Committee: select and request official appointment of committee chair from the department plus two additional NYU faculty; meet at least once with full committee.
  9. Dissertation Proposal: decide on final topic for thesis. Take Dissertation Proposal Seminar. If applicable, apply for permission to conduct research on human subjects. Write dissertation proposal. Obtain approvals from all three committee members.
  10. Proposal Review: dissertation committee chair will decide among three oral review options: department faculty, department faculty and outside reviewers, or NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development health panel. Defend proposal.
  11. Complete coursework and conduct and complete dissertation research.
  12. Write dissertation and submit for approval by committee members.
  13. Submit approved dissertation to Office of Graduate Studies and register for final oral examination by committee members and two outside reviewers.
  14. Final Oral Examination: Revise dissertation and submit for final approval.

Selected Specialization and Elective Courses for PhD in Public Health

This list has been compiled to reflect the main disciplines that contribute to public health and represents courses with applicability to public health researchers. It is not exhaustive and additional courses can be added or substituted with advisor approval. Most courses offered outside of Steinhardt are 4 points. Note that some courses require prerequisites.

Steinhardt School of Culture, Education & Human Development

E33.2318 Assessing Community Health Needs
Definition and description of health problems of specific immigrant communities in New York City using census data and other sources of objective information. Through field observations, students determine the ways in which health providers, community leaders, and community residents view health problems, and compare these views with more objective data as a means to develop health intervention strategies.

E33.2355 Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health
A study of the social, psychological, and cultural determinants of health behavior and consideration of their meaning for public health professionals in domestic and international community settings.

E33.2314 International Health and Economic Development
An introduction to the issues of health and health care on a global basis. The course focuses on the nature and scope of major worldwide health problems and the study of different national and international approaches to their solution.

E33.2405 Health Communication: Theory and Practice
Identification, development, and evaluation of methods for encouraging communities to participate in public health interventions with emphasis on the theoretical basis for communication strategies, and on the design, implementation, and evaluation of health communications programs. Case studies draw on examples form television, radio, print, drama and other communications media.

E33.2410 Community-Based Health Interventions
Identification and evaluation of programs designed to reduce health risks among individuals and communities, with a focus on factors influencing the design of interventions, choice of methods, ways to assess the magnitude of change effected by the intervention, and ethical issues raised by the interventions.

E33.2383 International Population and Family Health
A cross-cultural framework is used to compare the health status of populations and families and factors that affect their health in societal subgroups (for example, urban, rural, poor, women and children, and the elderly). The course emphasizes the effects of secular changes in women's roles and status and other societal, economic, and environmental trends on population and family health.

E33.2349 Program Planning and Evaluation
Research methods for identification of population-based needs for public health intervention, development of programs to meet those needs, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention. Application of research methods to proposal writing, budget planning, project management, and program evaluation.

E33.2335 Advocating for Community Health
Examines models and principles of community development, social planning, social action, and public advocacy for health, and concepts and theories related to planned change.

E63.2272 Adolescent Development: Theory and Research
Examines theories and research on adolescent development with a particular focus on adolescents from diverse cultural backgrounds. Topics include: identity development; family and peer relationships; sexuality; risk-taking behavior; and the impact of family and peer relationships, schools, and neighborhoods on psycho-social adjustment. Different methodological approaches to the study of adolescent development will be examined. Implications for prevention and intervention programs for adolescents will also be discussed

E63.2005 Experimental Psychology
Hands-on experience in formulating, designing, and executing experimental research. Data collection and analyses; report writing. Converging operations, multiple measures, instrumentation. Data collection and analyses via microcomputer.

E63.2035 Measurement and Evaluation: Psychological Tests
Principles of psychological measurement and testing: technical interpretation of test scores and selection of tests. Comprehensive survey and evaluation of group and individual measures of aptitude, personality, interest, and achievement. Consideration of criterion-referenced decisions, computer-assisted assessment, and other current issues.

E63.2036 Measurement and Evaluation: Psychometric Theory
Measurement in science; validity and reliability theory and practice. Problems in test construction, measurement of abilities, personality, and attitudes. Independent analysis of critical issues in measurement.

Department of Environmental Medicine

G48.2045. Methods for Categorical Data Analysis in Health Sciences Research
Prerequisites: G48.2039, G48.2303 or G23.2303, or permission of the instructor. 4 points. Focuses on statistical techniques for the analysis of categorical data, with specific applications to epidemiologic and clinical studies. Methods for the analysis of contingency tables; risk assessment in retrospective and prospective studies; and adjustment for confounding, matching, and effect modification are discussed. Analytic techniques include Mantel-Haenszel summary chi-square procedures, logistic regression, and log-linear models.

G48.2046. Epidemiology of Cancer
Prerequisites: G48.2039, college-level biology, or permission of the instructor. 4 points. The epidemiology of cancer in its biological context and illustration of how it could be used in the search for cancer etiology and control. Role of viruses, radiation, nutrition, hormones, tobacco, occupational exposures, and genetic factors in the causation of cancer. Strategies for exposure and risk assessment and for cancer control, including screening. Issues of study design and statistical analysis in cancer epidemiology.

G48.2304. Advanced Topics in Biostatistics
Prerequisites: G48.2303 or G23.2303, or equivalent background in statistics, and permission of the instructor. Goldberg. 4 points. Introduction to statistical methods used in medicine and biology. Topics are selected from the following: survival methods, logistic regression methods, design of experiments, longitudinal data methods, missing data methods, statistical genetics, analysis of gene chip data, and other topics depending on the interests of the participants. Case studies are used to illustrate the methods. Students are required to submit a project.

G48.2306. Methods of Applied Statistics and Data Mining
Prerequisites: basic statistics course; some programming experience or willingness to learn. Belitskaya-Levy. 4 points. Survey of applied statistical and data mining methods, including principles, applications, and computational tools. Emphasis is on conceptual understanding and data analysis using the R or S-plus statistical programming language. Topics may vary and include: cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, principal components analysis, resampling methods (e.g., the bootstrap), linear methods for classification and regression, model selection, bias-variance trade-off, modern classification and regression, tree-based methods, randomization, and non-parametric statistics.

Wagner School of Public Service

Application of GIS in Healthcare (P11.2826), 4 points
Students explore the uses of GIS for health care and human services delivery planning, identifying market share, consumer profiling, and target marketing. The uses of GIS in epidemiology are also explored: how to map public health indicators or to explore the geography of environmental risks.

Mental Health Policy (P11.2868), 4 points
This course provides students with knowledge about the evolution of mental health policy and services in the United States as a way to understand current problems and issues in the field. Included are such issues as government provision of services, equity versus efficiency, and public/private partnerships. The major emphasis in the course is on the treatment of those with severe mental illnesses.

Health Economics (P11.2863), 4 points
Covers topics including the role of the market versus the government in the provision of health care, the productivity of health care spending, the effectiveness of alternative government polices in improving health, consumer responsiveness to the price of health care, and the economics of health insurance. The course also examines the cost, quantity, and quality of care implications of alternative payment systems.

Advanced Health Care Payment Systems (P11.2845), 4 points
Prerequisites: 1832, 2842. One focus is on providing an understanding of payment systems for hospitals, long-term care organizations, ambulatory care, and other health care providers. A second focus is on providing skills for making managerial decisions that consider their revenue implications. The course provides the student with a basis for researching payment regulations and keeping abreast of trends and changes in health care payment systems.

Continuous Quality Improvement (P11.2825), 4 points
Prerequisites: 1011, 1833. An introduction to the concepts and techniques involved in managing service operations in health care organizations. Topics covered include decision analysis, forecasting, techniques for continuous quality improvement, and performance analysis.

Public Economics and Finance (P11.2140), 4 points
Prerequisites: 1011, 1018, 1021. This course is about the economic activities of government, largely revenue raising and spending. The course considers market failures, the evaluation of public expenditures, and the incidence, efficiency, and effects of various taxes. Topics include the economics of the not-for-profit sector, welfare economics, public goods, public choice, externalities, the tragedy of the commons, income redistribution, social insurance, personal income tax, corporate income tax, consumption taxes, and wealth taxes.

Global Health Governance and Management (P11.2244), 4 points
This course takes up the definitions of health in international agreements and the general influences of globalization on health. It explores the roles and responsibilities of national health leadership, primarily Ministries of Health, in assuring the health of their populations and the different strategies and variable capacity of national governments in developed, developing and countries in transition. It then explores the role, functions and effectiveness of global organizations affecting health in the UN, NGO and business sectors as well as multilateral and bilateral donors and how they interact with each other and with national leadership. Finally the course looks at emerging instruments for global health governance, how they operate and their effectiveness for promoting health action at the country level.

Institutions, Governance, and International Development (P11. 2214), 4 points
The course provides an introduction to the current thinking and practice of public sector institutional reform with a particular focus on developing and in-transition countries. The bulk of the course is devoted to an examination of key institutional reforms that are intended to promote good governance as economies liberalize and societies democratize.

The Politics of International Development (P11.2228), 4 points
Prerequisite: P11.1018, P11.1022. The course aims to give students exposure to important ongoing debates in international development and their historical context. The class will provide an overview of some of the major contemporary analytical and policy debates regarding the politics of development.

International Economic Development: Governments, Markets, and Communities
(P11.2230), 4 points. Prerequisites: P11.1011, P11.1018. This course takes up issues of economic growth and social change in a comparative perspective.

Department of Anthropology

G14.3391--Cultures of Biomedicine

Department of Politics

Statistical Methods for Comparative Research (G53.2129), 4 points.
Covers statistical models of discrete and limited dependent variables leading to the problem of nonrandom selection and appropriate ways of handling it. Focuses on selection models, using probit, logit, and tobit analysis and applying them to the origins of democracy and the impact of political regimes and institutions.

Public Policy (G53.2371)
Advanced-level study of policymaking process in federal politics and research issues raised by it. Emphasis is on interaction of policy analysis and political institutions. Some prior knowledge of public policy is assumed.

Public Opinion, Media, and Politics (G53.2326)
Focuses on the current state of research in public opinion and in media. The course's analytical focus is divided between psychological and rational choice-based explanations. Students also explore the role of experimental research methods.

International Law (G53.2900)
Rules that govern in the legal relationship and current development of law among nations, based on the study of cases. The use of the law for the regulation of international behavior and environment.

Department of Psychology

Health Psychology G89.2051
Basic overview of the field including behavior modification, stress, coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke, pain, the immune system, AIDS and cancer, issues in pediatric health psychology, smoking, and weight control.

Multiple Regression Methods in Psychology G89.2229
Prerequisite: G89.2228 or the equivalent. Multiple regression/correlation as a general data analytic system. Sets of variables as units of analyses, representing group membership, curvilinear relationships, missing data, interactions, the analysis of covariance and its generalization; logistic regression; nonparametric statistics. Computer applications.

Simulation and Data Analysis G89.2233 (Formerly G89.1057)
Topics include numerical analysis, probability theory and mathematical statistics essential to developing and evaluating computer simulations of complex cognitive and neural processes.

Biological Bases of Behavior I, II G89.2237, 2238
Part of core curriculum for doctoral students in clinical psychology. 3 points per term. An introduction to central conceptual, research, and clinical issues in psychopathology. Emphasis is on empirical findings regarding differential deficit, etiology, and natural history, with some attention to the evaluation of treatments.

Psychometric Test Theory G89.2243
Prerequisites: G89.2228 and G89.2229. Theory and practice of measurement, classical test theory (reliability and validity), item response theory, latent trait methods including factor analysis and logistic latent trait models. Computer experience with methods is provided.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis G89.2244
Prerequisite: G89.2229 or permission of the instructor. Theory and application of multivariate statistical methods in the behavioral sciences. Topics include matrix algebra, univariate/multivariate general linear models, multivariate analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, canonical correlation, and principal components analysis. Emphasis on computer applications in the analysis of multivariate data.

Structural Equation Methods G89.2247
Prerequisite: G89.2244. Teaches students to apply and critique structural equation methods for studying relationships among multiple variables, including path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, latent variable regression models, and methods designed for categorical data. Emphasis on practical data analysis and public presentations of findings.

Methods for the Analysis of Change G89.2248
Prerequisite: G89.2229. Current issues and methods involving the analysis of change in the behavioral and social sciences, including latent change approaches, Hierarchial linear models, and survival analysis, as well as classical methods for the analysis of change, including change scores, mixed model ANOVA, regression and MANOVA.

Primary Prevention G89.2272
Examination of the idea of prevention from its earliest roots in the field of mental and public health through to contemporary perspectives on the promotion of well-being.

Recent Developments in Multivariate Statistics G89.3202
Prerequisite: G89.2228 and G89.2229, or instructor permission. An introduction to recent topics in multivariate statistics, including the analysis of categorical multivariate data (log-linear models, latent structure analysis) and structural equation models with latent variables.

Stern School of Business[6]

B30.3351: Econometrics I
The theory of estimation and inference in econometrics. Covers finite sample results for the classical linear model, as well as asymptotic results for single equation models. Topics include linear and nonlinear least squares, generalized least squares, panel data, instrumental variable techniques, and generalized method of moment estimation. Heavy emphasis is given to empirical application.

B55.9912: Econometric Analysis of Panel Data
This is an intermediate level, Ph.D. course in the area of Applied Econometrics dealing with Panel Data. The range of topics covered in the course will span a large part of econometrics generally, though we are particularly interested in those techniques as they are adapted to the analysis of 'panel' or 'longitudinal' data sets. Topics to be studied include specification, estimation, and inference in the context of models that include individual (firm, person, etc.) effects.

B90.2302: Forecasting Time Series Data

Department of Sociology

G93.2111. Classical Sociological Theory (1848-1950)
Examines major figures of modern sociology, including Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel. Focuses on the conditions and assumptions of social theory, the process of concept formation and theory building, general methodological issues, and the present relevance of the authors examined.

G93.2115. Contemporary Sociological Theory
Reviews major trends in sociological theory since World War II, including structural functionalism, interpretive approaches, rational choice theory, Marxism, and recent European developments.

G93.2312 Adv. Multivariate Statistics
Matrix formulation of regression, probit, and logit. Simultaneous equation systems, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, measurement models, log linear models, time-series, and panel analysis. Pooling methods.

G93.2137. Social Stratification and Inequality
Assesses the research and theoretical work on economic inequality and classes in the social sciences. Reviews important classic contributions (including Marx, Weber, and Schumpeter), compares competing approaches (including Marxist, conflict, functionalist, elite, and status attainment theories), and surveys modern directions of development (such as labor market studies, socialist inequality, the role of the state).

G93.2145. Globalization: History, Dimensions, and Dynamics
Examines the process of globalization in its historical trajectory; its economic, political, and social dimensions; and its theoretical, cultural, and ideological representations. Focuses on the dialectics of global-local interaction and its consequences for the production of new categories of knowledge, academic disciplines, and methods.

G93.2401. Sociology of Medicine
Political economy of health care in the United States, with concentration on the roles of the medical profession in the system. Issues include the social construction of illness, the social organization of treatment, and the institutional organization of the medical profession in its methods of recruitment and training. Discusses relations between the medical profession, paraprofessional occupations, third-party payers, and the government.

G93.2227. Sociology of Sex and Gender
Critically assesses the research and theoretical work on gender inequality in the social sciences. Provides a sophisticated, scholarly grasp of this fast developing field. Topics include the origins of gender inequality, economic equality between the sexes, political inequality, reproduction and child rearing, sexuality, violence, and ideology. Compares the competing theories of the causes of gender inequality and of changes in inequality.

[1] Other courses may be taken by advisement.

[2] Students who have not already had one semester of Epidemiology will be required to take E81.2706 Epidemiology as a prerequisite.

[3] Students who have not previously completed 2 semesters of statistics will be required to take E10. 2995: Biostatistics I (3) and E10. 2996: Biostatistics II (3) or equivalents as prerequisites.

[4] Courses counted toward Specialization may not also count as Research Electives.

[5] Students matriculating with previous graduate work or master's degrees may be held for fewer credits.

[6] *Note that students wishing to take advanced economics courses might need to refresh/update their math skills. There are several courses throughout the university that can provide this background, including:

Mathematics for Political Scientists (G53.1110). (This course is normally open only to Politics PhD students so you will need special permission to register.) Covers basic topics of mathematics- calculus, analytic geometry, matrix algebra, etc.-with wide application in political science.